Ionization Energy Definition and Trend

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The first or initial ionization energy or E_i of an atom or molecule is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions.

You may think of ionization energy as a measure of the difficulty of removing electron or the strength by which an electron is bound. The higher the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove an electron. Therefore, ionization energy is in indicator of reactivity. Ionization energy is important because it can be used to help predict the strength of chemical bonds.

Also Known As: ionization potential, IE, IP, ΔH°

Units: Ionization energy is reported in units of kilojoule per mole (kJ/mol) or electron volts (eV).

Ionization Energy Trend in the Periodic Table

Ionization, together with atomic and ionic radius, electronegativity, electron affinity, and metallicity, follows a trend on the periodic table of elements.

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Ionization Energy of the Elements

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

• Ionization energy generally increases moving from left to right across an element period (row). This is because the atomic radius generally decreases moving across a period, so there is a greater effective attraction between the negatively charged electrons and positively-charged nucleus. Ionization is at its minimum value for the alkali metal on the left side of the table and a maximum for the noble gas on the far right side of a period. The noble gas has a filled valence shell, so it resists electron removal.
• Ionization decreases moving top to bottom down an element group (column). This is because the principal quantum number of the outermost electron increases moving down a group. There are more protons in atoms moving down a group (greater positive charge), yet the effect is to pull in the electron shells, making them smaller and screening outer electrons from the attractive force of the nucleus. More electron shells are added moving down a group, so the outermost electron becomes increasingly distance from the nucleus.

First, Second, and Subsequent Ionization Energies

The energy required to remove the outermost valence electron from a neutral atom is the first ionization energy. The second ionization energy is that required to remove the next electron, and so on. The second ionization energy is always higher than the first ionization energy. Take, for example, an alkali metal atom. Removing the first electron is relatively easy because its loss gives the atom a stable electron shell. Removing the second electron involves a new electron shell that is closer and more tightly bound to the atomic nucleus.

The first ionization energy of hydrogen may be represented by the following equation:

H(g) → H⁺(g) + e^-

ΔH° = -1312.0 kJ/mol

Exceptions to the Ionization Energy Trend

If you look at a chart of first ionization energies, two exceptions to the trend are readily apparent. The first ionization energy of boron is less than that of beryllium and the first ionization energy of oxygen is less than that of nitrogen.

The reason for the discrepancy is due to the electron configuration of these elements and Hund's rule. For beryllium, the first ionization potential electron comes from the 2s orbital, although ionization of boron involves a 2p electron. For both nitrogen and oxygen, the electron comes from the 2p orbital, but the spin is the same for all 2p nitrogen electrons, while there is a set of paired electrons in one of the 2p oxygen orbitals.

Key Points

• Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in the gas phase.
• The most common units of ionization energy are kilojoules per mole (kJ/M) or electron volts (eV).
• Ionization energy exhibits periodicity on the periodic table.
• The general trend is for ionization energy to increase moving from left to right across an element period. Moving left to right across a period, atomic radius decreases, so electrons are more attracted to the (closer) nucleus.
• The general trend is for ionization energy to decrease moving from top to bottom down a periodic table group. Moving down a group, a valence shell is added. The outermost electrons are further from the positive-charged nucleus, so they are easier to remove.

References

• F. Albert Cotton and Geoffrey Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed., John Wiley 1988) p.1381.
• Lang, Peter F.; Smith, Barry C. "Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions". Journal of Chemical Education. 80 (8).